Different aspects of MSW/biomass thermal treatment have been investigated in a series of papers in this thesis in addition to the introduction given in Chapters 1-9. However, technical, operating and environmental challenges remain to further optimise thermal processes so that bioenergy can be extensively implemented at a large industrial scale. Motivation and Methodology MSW and biomass are seen as alternatives to fossil fuels because they are sustainable and CO2-neutral. Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgements Table of contents Motivation and Methodology Executive summary Abbreviationsġ Municipal Solid Waste worldwide generation: situation and trends 1 2 What is MSW?ģ Composition and properties of MSW………….………………………6 3.1 Main materials 3.2 Sub-categories 3.3 Chemical structure 3.4 Proximate and elemental analyses 3.5 Other MSW propertiesĤ Municipal Solid Waste management and treatment technologies: Situation and challenges 21 4.1 The situation in Europe and in the USA 4.2 Thermal treatment 4.3 Biological treatment of MSW 4.4 Physical treatment of MSW 4.5 Complete overview of waste managementĥ.1 Reactor and set-up 5.2 FTIR analysis 5.3 GC analysisĦ N-chemistry in biomass before and after thermal degradationĪbstract 6.1 Total-N 6.2 Nature of N in biomass 6.2.1 Protein-N 6.2.2 Non-Protein-N 6.3 NOx precursors: NH3 and HCN from biomass pyrolysis 6.3.1 N-model compounds: protein/amino acids/oligomers/polypeptides 6.3.2 N-model compounds: N-heterocycles 6.3.3 N-model compounds: tar and char compounds 6.3.4 Comments about the validity of model compounds studies 6.3.5 Biomass pyrolysis and NOx precursors: status and new considerationsĦ.4 Modelling: NOx formation and reductionħ.1 Resources 7.2 Pyrolysis products: applications 7.3 Pyrolysis products: influence of operating parameters 7.4 Technologies: situation and perspectivesĨ Thermal degradation characteristics and kinetic study of MSW fractions and biomass by TGA 72 8.1 Presentation 8.2 TGA study of the organic fraction of MSW 8.3 TGA pyrolysis study of plastic 8.4 Other MSW fractions 8.5 Non-kinetic regimeĩ Conclusions and recommendations for further workĪppendix: biomass and waste composition table Paper I-VI Finally, thousand thanks to my Norwegian family: Maria, the woman in my life, and Ava, our daughter, who luckily decided to sleep and smile through most of 2006-2007. I would like to express my gratitude to my family in France, my mother Gisèle, my father Simon and my beloved brothers David and Benjamin.
Without your presence, this endeavour would not have been the same. I also want to thank Professor Gábor Várhegyi warmly I learned a lot working with you. A big thank to my coworkers in the laboratory, Willy Horrigmo and Roger Khalil, your professionalism and your expertise are deeply appreciated.
You were always there for me when I needed you. Through these years, your guidance, your support, your thoroughness and your kindness have been constant. The author also expresses his gratitude to the Nordic Graduate School of Biofuels Science and Technology (biofuelsGS) for providing financial support.Īcknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisors Johan E. This work has been part of the “Environment and Process Management” research program funded by the Research Council of Norway and carried out in cooperation with SINTEF Energy Research, SINTEF Materials and Chemistry and several industrial partners. The work was carried out at the Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology at the Department of Energy and Process Engineering, with Professor Johan E. Preface This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree “Doctor of Philosophy” at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway. NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology Thesis for the degree of doctor philosophiae Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology Department of Energy and Process Technology ©Michaël Becidan ISBN 978-8-5 (printed ver.) ISBN 978-8-2 (electronic ver.) ISSN 1503-8181 Theses at NTNU, 2007:125 Printed by Tapir Uttrykk Thesis for the degree of doctor philosophiae Trondheim, May 2007 Norwegian University of Science and Technology Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology Department of Energy and Process Technology Experimental Studies on Municipal Solid Waste and Biomass Pyrolysis
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